The Optimists Daughter: Hidden Depression Essay -- Literary Analysis,

A smile has the incredible ability to hide anything. â€Å"The funny thing is, nobody ever really knows how much anybody else is hurting. We could be standing next to somebody who is completely broken and we wouldn’t even know it† (Anonymous). Many people in our world internally suffer. Some may say that â€Å"[t]he hardest years in life are those between ten and seventy† (Anonymous). During these years of life, people face an uncountable number of struggles and are exposed the true disfigurement of the world. When people undergo extreme or stressful situations that they cannot possibly handle and face the grief-stricken tragedies of the world, such as death, they normally fall into a dark hole called depression. Depression resides everywhere and it has existed for centuries. Throughout the years, however, it has progressively gotten worse. During the 1970s, depression constituted a less severe issue than it does in today’s society. In the 1970s, depress ion started to gain more attention as such an extensive problem, and began affecting humanity at a more youthful age as the years continued. The number of people suffering from depression today has nearly doubled since the 1970s. However, depression presents just as much of a concern today as it has in the past. In The Optimist's Daughter, Eudora Welty portrays depression through the juxtaposition of characters, her use of symbolism, and verbal irony portrayed throughout the novel. The juxtaposition of characters Laurel, Fay, and Judge McKelva contains the differences of how depression affects each individual. In the beginning of the novel, the author declares: â€Å"[f]or a long time Judge McKelva was seen as a reassuring figure by the many who knew and liked him† (Welty 170). However, this d... ...hen you know it isn't† (Anonymous). Perhaps this answers why depression remains such a huge issue in today’s world. When one acts as if he/she is content and conceals his/her bona fide feelings of anguish, no warning signs present anything being wrong. Others do not notice the true suffering that takes place within that person. Without the awareness and cognizance of this suffering, the unacknowledged depression could potentially lead to an even more immense issue. In fact, major depression usually results in suicide attempts. Statistics declare that, on average, someone attempts suicide every forty seconds in the United States. Suicide is the eleventh leading cause of death among Americans (Caruso). Not being able to admit to something only makes it worse, and the outcomes could be fatal. Bottling up feelings of depression will only result in a deeper depression.

Improving Oral Healthcare In Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay

The initial inspiration for this proposal was a conversation with co-workers which so progressed into an experimental study over a period of eight hours. Ten staff nurses and one sister so took portion in replying a questionnaire. ( See appendix 1 for consequences ) The infirmary where I work does hold a attention program for unwritten hygiene ( see appendix 2 ) but it was designed for ‘general usage ‘ instead than to run into the specific demands of automatically ventilated patients ( MVP ) . It shortly became evident from the consequences and the conversations that there was a demand for an assessment tool and guidelines as to what was considered to be best pattern to run into the single demands of MVP. This is when and why my undertaking began.4.2 ImportantDeoxyribonucleic acid surveies have confirmed that up to 90 % of Ventilated Associated Pneumonia ( VAP ) is caused by pathogens colonizing the oral cavity. Within hours of admittance into the Intensive Care Unit ( IC U ) , the unwritten physiology of the patient begins altering. ( Nieuw Amerongen 2007 ) A Survey by Schleder & A ; Lloyd ( 2002 ) has associated chest infection and pneumonia with hapless unwritten hygiene. Ventilator associated pneumonia ( VAP ) is the taking cause of decease among hospital-acquired infections. ( Bercault and Boulain, 2001 ) . ( Claridge, Edwards, Swanson, Fabian, EL at 2007 ) ( Kollef 2004 ) . After several yearss in the ICU, the intubated patient ‘s unwritten pathogen population rises to a higher per centum of beings increasing the hazard of VAP, their length of stay and mortality. VAP costs by and large range from $ 12,000 to $ 40,000 per patient. Crude mortality rates range from 27 % -76 % . ( Jones, Newton, and Bower 2004 )4.3 Policy DriversThe triggers for improved oral cavity attention have come from Department of Health ( DoH ) brochure entitled ‘Delivering Better Oral Health ‘ . An evidence-based toolkit for bar was published in September 2007. Older people are at considerable hazard of unwritten infection, with infection identified in 80 % of one survey population ( DoH, 2007 ) , There are indicants that 69 % of grownups may hold periodontic disease. With current regional alveolar consonant attending runing from 40 % in southern countries to 60 % in the North East ( DoH, 2007 ) , it is sensible to presume that many patients might hold preexistent hapless unwritten wellness before contact with national wellness services ( NHS ) ( Nicol et al, 2005 ) . ( Xavier, 2000 ) . For the ICU the High Impact Intervention No 5 Care package for ventilated patients ( DoH 2006 ) merely advises ‘that everyday unwritten hygiene as per local policy ‘ is recommended. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) in their booklet on proficient patient safety solutions for ventilator-associated pneumonia in grownups recommends Chlorhexidine oral cavity rinse or gel to be used on MVP.4.3 Evidence to back up proposal.The revised Kernel of Care ( DoH, 2010 ) has proved to be an of import starting point for supplying grounds for the demand to develop an unwritten hygiene bundle for MVPs. The brochure sets out the criterion by which best pattern and attention is presently assessed or measured in order to help practicians to develop a patient-focused and structured attack to sharing and comparing pattern. It has enabled wellness attention forces to work with patients, or in some instances their relations, to place best pattern and to develop actio n programs to better attention. The Kernel of Care has twelve benchmarks, one being personal hygiene which consists of six factors. ( See appendix 3 for a elaborate list. ) This benchmark highlights mouth hygiene as a precedence. Therefore an appraisal must be done, the staff must be capable of executing the undertakings, their cognition must be appropriate, functional written records must be kept for scrutinizing and single unwritten pit cleaning equipment should be provided for each patient. The Centres for Disease Control ( CDC ) specifically advises that each ICU patient should be portion of an unwritten hygiene plan with frequent soft brushing of the dentitions and gum, oral cavity swobing with an antiseptic agent, and in the endotracheally intubated and automatically ventilated ( EIMV ) patient, frequent suctioning of the oral cavity and subglottic countries. A comprehensive reappraisal is to be found in Appendix 6 and is besides farther considered in the subdivision Literature Review ( 5.4 )5.1 AimThe purpose of this undertaking is to present an unwritten appraisal tool and a mouth hygiene cleaning protocol for ICU. It will be specifically used with patients who are automatically ventilated and will be supplemented with an educational bundle.5.2 Purpose of ProjectThe overall intent of my undertaking is to maintain patients safe and cut down the hazard of VAP. The unwritten pit has been identified as a possible menace. Nurses Code Number 35 *** mention states we must present attention based on the best available grounds or best pattern To make this a systematic procedure is required. Current pattern has excessively many failings. The current pattern is a simple tick box on the ICU chart simply entering that oral cavity attention has been performed. At present, mouth attention in many instances, merely consists of a pink sponge and unfertile H2O to wash the oral cavity, crude oil lip balm to halt the lips from checking and if the anesthesiologists remember, chlorhexidine gel prescribed four times a twenty-four hours. From my treatment with co-workers, evidenced by the questionnaire in Appendix 1, an unwritten appraisal is seldom done on patients with EIMV. Using a toothbrush, with fluoride toothpaste, is merely normally performed on patients who are non sedated, which could be 40 eight hours or longer after they were foremost intubated. Within 40 eight hours, the bacteriums in the oral cavity displacements from the normal dwellers to those that are the usual suspects for doing pneumonia: Staphylococcus aureus, Strep tococcus pneumonia, Pseudomonas. These pathogens exude substances in order to organize a biofilm matrix, or plaque. Within these protective shelters, bacteriums quickly multiply and spread throughout the unwritten pit. ICU nurses play a critical function in supplying effectual unwritten attention and advancing unwritten hygiene. However, unwritten hygiene by wellness attention workers has frequently been overlooked or performed on an ad hoc footing. In some cases, it has become a ritualistic and commonplace activity. The research is sporadic ensuing in conflicting advice to practicians. An illustration of this fickle advice is the debut of H peroxide and Na hydrogen carbonate being recommended as a gargle which if non diluted carefully will do superficial Burnss. It is still presently in usage in some ICUs. ( **Reference* ) This undertaking aims to rectify this incompatibility and give counsel and the tool for best patterns.5.3 Accomplish and Achieve.Ongoing unwritten appraisal should be performed day-to-day to forestall unwritten complications such as VAP and to guarantee optimum unwritten wellness ( Kollef 2004 ) . The assessment tool that I want to present on my ICU is based on the ‘BRUSHE D ‘ appraisal tool developed by Hayes and Jones. ( See appendix 5 ) It has antecedently been adapted to be used by ICU nurses to measure the grade of badness of the jobs happening in the patient ‘s unwritten pit. Abidia ( 2007 ) , Hayes & A ; Jones ( 1995 ) Using this tool, the ICU nurse could measure the gum for marks of disease. This review should include coloring materials, size, form, consistence and surface texture. Other marks to look for would be ulcerations or sores on the unwritten mucous membrane. After the appraisal the nurse will enter in item, in the patient notes, their observations. Any other appropriate action can so be taken before administrating unwritten hygiene. This tool was made to motivate nurses to look into for peculiar clinical marks during unwritten appraisal. Oral hygiene in the ICU is a normally performed nursing process in which the purpose is to guarantee that patients ‘ oral cavities are cared for ( Kite, Pearson1995. ) Pritchard and David ( 1988 ) indicate that oral cavity attention is required to: Achieve and keep unwritten cleanliness Prevent infection/stomatitis Keep the unwritten mucous membrane moist Promote patient comfort5.4 Literature ReviewTo place potentially relevant grounds, I searched The Cochrane Library, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health ( CINAHL ) , and Medline ( restricted to 1990-2009, English linguistic communication, and human research ) , including the related links option and diary cross citing for documents non antecedently identified. The hunt produced a figure of articles on unwritten hygiene and VAP in grownup ICU. The Iowa Model encourages the usage of instance studies, adept sentiment, and theories to inform pattern when research findings are non available ( Titler et al. , 2001 ) , leting protocols to be developed based on â€Å" best available grounds. † The Iowa Model begins by promoting staff nurses to place pattern inquiries, triggered either through designation of a job or through new cognition. The pattern inquiry aligned with organisational precedences is best positioned for allotment of back uping resources. Fourteen articles were identified as relevant to adult unwritten attention in the ICU scene and were later appraised ( See appendix 6 ) . They included two systematic reappraisals, two randomized controlled tests ( with equal sample size ) , four non-randomized tests ( or randomized with little sample sizes ) , one comparative test and five adept sentiments. Merely 10 of the 14 articles were specific to the grownup population. Using definitions developed by Stetler, Brunell, Giuliano et Al ( 1998 ) , degrees were assigned that rated the quality or strength of grounds of the 14 surveies. Degrees ranged from Level I ( meta-analysis of multiple controlled surveies ) to Level VI ( sentiments of well-thought-of governments, or the sentiments of an adept commission, including their reading of non-research-based information ) ( Stetler et al. , 1998 ) . The more strict degree of grounds, Level I reports, evaluated the effectivity of pharmacological intercessions included in unwritten rinses and toothpastes in cut downing unwritten bacterial vegetation, dental plaque, and dental cavities. The deficiency of robust research grounds related to direct nursing pattern of unwritten attention in the ICU scene is important for future research. Across the â€Å" best available grounds, † three nursing intercessions were identified for unwritten hygiene attention in the Intensive care unit: 1 ) unwritten appraisal, 2 ) mechanical intercessions, 3 ) pharmacological intercessions. A figure of articles highlighted the importance of regular unwritten appraisal to steer good unwritten attention ( Hayes & A ; Jones, 1995 ; McNeill, 2000 ; O'Reilly, 2002 ) . A meta-analysis performed by Chan and co-workers showed a important decrease in VAP with the usage of anti-septic gargle. The survey, nevertheless, was unable to show any differences in other end points such as mortality, continuance of mechanical airing and length of ICU stay. ( Chan, Ruest, Meade & A ; Cook 2007 ) . The published NICE guidelines, as discussed earlier in subdivision 4.2, recommend chlorhexidine on all MVP5.5 MethodThe appraisal tool that I want introduce to my ICU, is based on the BRUSHED appraisal tool developed by Hayes and Jones ( 1995 ) which been adapted by Abidia ( 2007 ) ( with permission ) to be used by ICU nurses to measure the grade of badness of the jobs in the patient ‘s unwritten pit. ( See appendix 5 )5.6.1 Invention: How it would be implemented. Education and TrainingThis assessment tool should be used as outlined in 5.3 above. It is to be supplemented with a elaborate instruction bundle to ease preparation. ( See appendix 6 ) It is presently de signated as a ‘draft ‘ as it has yet to be ratified and approved. This facet of the proposal would be coordinated with the unit ‘s pedagogue. It is proposed that ab initio, a power point presentation, with some clip for inquiries, enduring about 30 proceedingss, would be used. This would be accompanied by a written booklet to enable staff to reflect upon the process and besides be the first point of mention should any trouble occur. A ‘link nurse ‘ would be allocated to take the lead with the pedagogue. Link nurses are described as â€Å" Identified nurses within a squad who have expressed involvement in a specialist country and go a formal nexus for the squad. † McKeeney ( 2003 ) . Nurses frequently take upon themselves these functions as portion of their Knowledge and Skills Framework as it provides grounds of their continued professional development. Ideally the power point presentation would be attended by staff at the start or coating of a displacement as there is a A? of an hr convergence that has antecedently been used for preparation intents. It is envisaged that all staff will hold completed their initial preparation within two months. The pedagogue would maintain a signed registry of attendants as portion of the unit auditing. After this initial developing a questionnaire would be used to determine the effectivity of the preparation, to arouse any farther or future jobs and to measure the quality of the processs that are now in topographic point. The consequences of the questionnaire would besides find such issues as to whether the hazard factor has been hazard assessed right, whether farther education/training is necessary or whether any alterations to the new process are needed. It could besides organize portion of scrutinizing the unit which is needed as portion of Clinical Governance.5.6.2 Invention: How it would be im plemented. Administratively and ProcedurallyOral appraisal and attention ( OAC ) are indispensable for the betterment of overall wellness and for the patterned advance towards recovery and well-being of the ICU patients. Without OAC the patient could see serious infections which would take to protraction of ICU stay, increased morbidity, significantly increased costs of attention, and possible mortality. ( Jones Newton Bower 2004. Abidia 2007 Gillam & A ; Gillam 2006.Koeman, van der Ven, Hak 2006 ) the unwritten guidelines ( bill of exchange transcript **** cheque right appendix see appendix 7 ) are based upon a thorough literature hunt. The bill of exchange new guidelines are in conformity with the trust format, which is found in policy Corp 60. The process to follow in order to guarantee smooth execution of the proposed new process is foremost to set up a meeting with my equals and the clinical lead for countenance of the proposal. It would so be forwarded to the Policy Coordinator for look intoing and understanding prior to presentation to the Evidence Based Practice Committee. The commission are responsible for the concluding blessing. When this has been achieved, the guidelines will be forwarded to the Business Unit Lead for printing on the trusts intranet. All trust employees would so hold entree to the bill of exchange guidelines. The clip frame for the execution is hard to accurately buttockss but a period three months before initial instruction commences would be a sensible estimation. The paper work would be checked by the new matrons as portion of their function in our trust is to look into certification5.6.3 Invention: How it would be implemented. Costings.In order to implement this new process in its entireness, from academic exercising into pattern, it is non expected that a heavy fiscal load to the trust will happen. The logistics for implementing alteration are already in topographic point so no new degrees of bureaucratism are envisaged. The costings would be every bit simple as copying paper at ?2.00 per ream. The clip allotment for the pedagogue needed for planning and implementing preparation for about 90 five staff who work in ICU, High Dependence and Coronary Care Units, observing that the demands of the dark displacement may ask some out of normal contacted hours, are the lone other disbursal. Once adopted the process would be a upper limit of ?5.00 per patient per hebdomad. Of class the current costs for unwritten hygiene should be deducted from this amount as they become excess. New equipment as listed in item in Appendix 7 has besides to been taken into history.5.7 What are the sensed /anticipated barriers to alter?Experience dictates that during the busy day-to-day activities of patient attention in the ICU it can be improbably hard to systematically execute such a simple undertaking as everyday unwritten hygiene. There are so many pressing, dangerous events, which take precedence over everything else. Guaranting that oral cavity cleansing is completed sunglassess into insignificance, even looking to be regarded as an optional undertaking. This is farther downgraded as it is recorded simply by a tick in a box that can be unthinkingly given. Hence, in pattern the predominating attitude, the ward civilization that now exists is that ; ‘It ca n't be that of import! ‘ What was one time good pattern has over the old ages become corrupted. This is in kernel why my proposal to present a new process for the unwritten attention of ventilated patients is of import. It is critical that in order to accomplish optimal public presentation such professional patterns are reviewed and revised. The barriers to be overcome are apathy and complacence! The unwritten pit is known to be a reservoir for pathogens to turn and boom. Poor unwritten hygiene can take to complications such as gingivitis, halitosis, dry mouth, plaque formation, dental pits and others that have been antecedently mentioned. There are many factors that may prevent the ICU nurse from executing necessary OAC ( see appendix 8 ) ( Jones, Newton & A ; Bower 2004. Gillam & A ; Gillam 2006. Koeman Ven & A ; Hak 2006. Furr, Binkley & A ; McCurren 2004 )5.8 What schemes will be usage to get the better of these barriers?Roberts ( 2001 ) reported that the bringing of unwritten attention within institutional scenes is fragmented. A reappraisal by Chan ( 2005 ) states nurse ‘s descriptions of their unwritten attention patterns covered unwritten wellness appraisal, cleansing the unwritten pit and attention of the environing countries. Chan ( 2005 ) findings revealed the undermentioned important factors that influenced ICU nurses in supplying unwritten attention: Their perceptual experiences of the intent of unwritten attention. Their frights about supplying it. The precedence of unwritten attention. Inadequate support for unwritten attention. Rello, Koulenti Blot et Al ( 2007 ) and Chan ( 2005 ) ) besides concluded that their findings indicated that nurses unwritten attention patterns were non grounds based. Munro & A ; Grap ( 2004 ) besides indicated that present unwritten attention preparation should be revised. Their findings besides highlighted the influence of ward civilization on nurses ‘ precedences in supplying unwritten attention. Appropriate stuffs, equal staffing degrees and the constitution of an evidence-based unwritten attention protocol may in future facilitate the proviso of unwritten attention in the intensive attention unit. ( Chan 2005 Munro & A ; Grap 2004 Rello, Koulenti Blot et Al 2007 ) Oral appraisal is an built-in portion of unwritten attention and should take topographic point upon admittance. Evidence has suggested that early appraisal can cut down both the incidence and badness of unwritten complications. ( ****** ) Once an unwritten appraisal has been carried out it is of import to give appropriate unwritten attention intercessions based upon the single patient ‘s demands.6.0 EvaluationWhen reflecting upon the literature and the proposal it is of import that the undermentioned standards are considered: ICU patient ‘s single demands for unwritten attention should be portion of the admittance appraisal. Education of nurses to supply accomplishments in unwritten appraisal and unwritten attention is indispensable. The unit pedagogue can develop nurses to better the unwritten appraisal and sweetening of unwritten attention for ICU patients. The usage of an assessment theoretical account such as the â€Å" BRUSHED † Assessment tool is recommended for the immediate designation of unwritten jobs for every patient and should be carried out daily. The usage of a comprehensive protocol such as the Mouth Care Protocol presented in Table 1 a bill of exchange that will hold to travel to the grounds based commission be for recommended. The frequence of unwritten attention is an country of contention and may depend more on the patient ‘s status. However, brushing every 12 hours and unwritten dampening at least every two hours while the patient remains intubated is recommended until farther research is done in this country. Some solutions and types of equipment used by nurses for unwritten attention are non optimum and, hence, cautiousness must be applied if they are used. Examples include H peroxide and Na hydrogen carbonate, if non diluted carefully, may do superficial Burnss. Lemons Glycerine Swabs can do annoyance and decalcification of dentitions. Alternatively, chlorhexidine is recommended. Foam swabs are uneffective in taking plaque, whereas the usage of a soft little caput toothbrush is recommended alternatively. Further research is needed to find the most effectual manner to execute unwritten hygiene attention in critically sick patients every bit good as make up one's minding on the most appropriate frequence of unwritten attention. Research is besides needed to find the impact of unwritten wellness and improved unwritten wellness position on patients ‘ result

Jazsie-Stylez is a fashion styling business, which allows...

Jazsie-Stylez is a fashion styling business, which allows you to update your current personal and professional image view of your image. When working with people who are not image savvy, it is our duty to help reveal the customer’s upgraded image to them. Currently, Jazsie-Stylez is fairly small, actually to be quite frank, I am the only employee at Jazsie-Stylez. Not to say that I don’t plan on expanding this brand but it takes a lot of strategic planning and analyzing which is what brings me here today. As the manager of a business that needs developing and expanding, you have to take a lot of things into consideration such as staffing, training and development, performance management, employee relations and communications, total†¦show more content†¦The tasks of an employee at Jazsie-Stylez include keeping an updated list of contacts/clients, promoting the business, conducting personal shopping for clients, closet reorganization, attending and participating in fashion events as directed, sales, and excellent customer service. If a customer needs a personal shopper, the image consultant must get to know the customer’s current personal look and their desired look. The image consultant will use their professional insight to upgrade and/or enhance the fashions of the customer to the best of their ability. The image consultant will then go out and find exactly what the client desires. When organizing a client’s closet, the image consultant must first consult with the client to find out how the client wants their closet to look. The image consultant will then purchase any materials to properly organize and recreate the appearance of the closet. In order to accomplish this, the image consultant must know how to color categorize, pattern coordinate, and structure styles according to their specific groups. As the owner of Jazsie-Stylez I will always make sure I keep an intern on staff and an on-call employee, just in case I have a n emergency with another employee or last minute client. During the

The Everlasting Child Wuthering Heights - 1832 Words

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Advertising Strategies For The Highest Product Sales

Thesis: Advertising strategies that lead to the highest product sales are the ones that utilize effective branding and represent products honestly and clearly, capture the viewers’ attention, and remain in viewers’ memories. Advertisers spend millions of dollars creating effective television ads and commercials so consumers will purchase their products. Television advertising, the most powerful form of advertising, enables both audio and video advertising messages. Unlike other means of advertisements, like the newspaper, radios, websites and magazines, television advertising is quick and memorable. Based on research reports, millions of people watch television every day, and it is one of the leading leisure activities for human beings†¦show more content†¦One of the television advertising strategies that leads to the highest product sales is to utilize effective branding and represent products honestly and clearly so that the product is represented clearly in the commercial. An example of this is â€Å"Tony the Tiger† for Kellogg’s cereal. Tony the Tiger appears in commercials as an animated character interacting with children in a live-action world. To be able to do this, Kellogg and other cereal companies spend millions of dollars annually in advertising. By having characters like these, viewers are able to immediately identify what brand is being presented. Another example is the Bounty commercial form Procter and Gamble. This commercial compares Bounty and bargain paper towels by showing them being used beside each other. This Bounty commercial shows that Bounty paper towels are 50% stronger and more absorbent than bargain paper towels because the commercial creators know that consumers would choose the brand that is known as the strongest. Bounty is a little higher priced, but the commercial indicates that a person can use the towels longer than the bargain brand towels. These commercials make people aware of the brand and cause the viewers to be more likely to choose it over others. Many commercials do not present their brand name clearly, and this leaves viewers confused as to what the commercial is selling. For

Cannabis and Marijuana Plants Free Essays

string(45) " drug of choice because of its availability\." Marijuana Marijuana is a psychoactive drug, and is the most controversial of these types of drugs. The reason being is that there are so many myths and misconceptions that surround marijuana. It is not clear about the addiction potential, physical and psychological problems of marijuana. We will write a custom essay sample on Cannabis and Marijuana Plants or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Marijuana is the third most popular recreational drug in America behind only alcohol and tobacco, and has been used by nearly 100 million Americans (marijuana). Marijuana is widely used and it is estimated that nearly 25% of Americans have used marijuana once in their lives and that 2-5 million people use it daily despite it being illegal. Marijuana is a mixture of crushed leaves, flowers, small branches, stems, and seed of the hemp plant. This plant grows best in tropical climates and can be found throughout the world. Most countries cultivate this plant on purpose. Cannabis Indica species can withstand colder climates (â€Å"Marijuana, history of,†) If marijuana were to become a cash crop it would be the largest grown in the United States. It is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world, following caffeine, nicotine, and alcoholic beverages in the popularity. In the United States, where the route of admission is usually smoking, it also has been called weed, grass, pot, or reefer (â€Å"Marijuana, history of,†). Marijuana is a depressant. The effects of marijuana may vary with its strength and dosage and with the state of mind of the user. High doses can cause tachycardia, paranoia, and delusions (â€Å"Marijuana, history of,†). Marijuana can also have a psychedelic effect in high doses. With this being said, marijuana is classified as both a depressant and a psychedelic. Marijuana does produce some of the same effects as hallucinogens like a LSD or mescaline, but it differs chemically and pharmacologically. Marijuana is made up of many chemicals. There are currently 426 known compounds in the plant. When marijuana is burned there are 1500 additional compounds that are formed. The chemical compounds that are found in marijuana only are called cannabinoids. These cannabinoids are the most active and mind-altering ingredients in marijuana. The primary active component of marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), although other cannabin derivatives are also thought to be intoxicating. In 1988 scientists discovered receptors that bind THC on the membranes of nerve cells. They reasoned that the body must make its own THC-like substance. The substance, named anandamide, was isolated from pig brains in 1992 by an American pharmacologist, William A. Devane (â€Å"Marijuana, history of,†). The potency of marijuana is determined by the amount of THC present. All the parts of the plant have different concentrations of THC. So the mixture of the plant material used and the conditions of how the plant was grown determines the potency of this drug sold on the street. The root of this plant has no THC value, the stalk have very little value, there is some THC found in the branches, there is a moderate amount of THC found in the leaves(male has 5 leaves and female has 7 leaves), and the highest amount of THC concentration will be found in the buds, flowers and seeds. The concentration of THC has increased over the past 30 years. Marijuana is 25 to 40 times more potent than it was in the 1960’s, it’s up from . 2% to 5-8% pure today. Marijuana dates back to 2700 B. C. in ancient China. The plant was used to make rope, cloth, and paper from its fiber. It was during this time that the resins, flowers, and leaves from the plant could also be used for medical use. It was used to treat gout, malaria, and gas pains. It was by 500 B. C. that the Chinese put a ban of the use of the plant because of it unpredictable intoxicating effects. Marijuana was introduced into ancient India mainly for the mind altering effects. Marijuana was used in religious ceremonies the euphoria producing ability. It didn’t take long for the plant to be recognized for its intoxicating effects and its value in making rope and cloth. In America the public didn’t show any interest in marijuana as a recreational drug. It was just used in medicines. It was primarily prescribed legally for a numerous physical and mental aliments until 1940. In fact when Congress passed the Harrison Narcotics Act in 1914, many drugs were removed from the marketplace, but it excluded marijuana. It was not until the prohibition of alcohol that marijuana smoking became prominent. The Mexican immigrants were introducing marijuana along the Mexican border, while West Indian sailors were bringing it into the Gulf States. People no longer could legally use alcohol in and get their intoxicating effects so smoking marijuana became very popular. It became apparent in the 1930’s that marijuana was being abused and there was an increase in violence because of its use. Tales were beginning to spread of the effects, murder, rape, sexual excess, and memory loss from using marijuana. The federal government tried to scare the public with a film called â€Å"reefer madness†, but it actually did more harm than good. In 1935 the states took action and started passing their own laws towards non-medical use of marijuana. In 1937 the federal government stepped up and passed a Marijuana Tax Act that prohibited the use of all non-medical marijuana, the possession and use of cannabis nationwide. Marijuana came back on the scene during the World War II era. It was extensively cultivated during the World War II era, when Asian sources of hemp were cut off (â€Å"Marijuana, history of,†). It was commercially grown. The Philippines were being invaded by the Japanese so there was no sisal plant to make rope. American farmers were actually encouraged to the marijuana plants for rope production. Birds loved the seeds of this plant and when they would leave their droppings it would start wild plants of marijuana to grow throughout the United States. Marijuana became a very popular drug of choice because of its availability. You read "Cannabis and Marijuana Plants" in category "Papers" Today marijuana is a widely used illegal drug among many ethnic groups. Hispanics are among 9. 2 percent of users; non-Hispanic blacks (7. 7% , nearly 8 percent of females used marijuana in the past year vs. 14% of males used in the past year); non-Hispanic whites (6. 7%, nearly 7 percent vs. 11 percent); Asian/Pacific Islanders (2. 0%, 2% vs. 7. %); South Americans (4. 2%, more than 4% vs. 13 percent). It can be found on the street for a price of $250-500 ounce depending on where it is bought. The cheapest is in Oregon at $258 ounce and most expensive in Washington D. C. at $486 ounce. Age itself is one of the most significant variables in understanding marijuana use. Past-year use of marijuana increased with age, to a peak prevalence of about 23 percent among 18 -25 year olds, before declining to about 44 percent among persons aged 35 and older. Among adults, male smoking rates for marijuana are nearly twice those for females. IN the total surveyed population, males were about 70% more likely than females to have used marijuana in the past year (11 percent versus 6. 7, nearly 7 percent). The only exception to the data showing more male smokers of marijuana than females occurs among children and teens. There still remains controversy over the medical uses of marijuana. Proponents are saying that it is useful for treating pain and the nausea and vomiting that are side effects of cancer chemotherapy and for restoring the appetite in people with AIDS (â€Å"Marijuana, history of,†) Modern research uggests that cannabis is a valuable aid in the treatment of a wide range of clinical applications. These include pain relief-in particular (neuropathic pain), nausea, plasticity, glaucoma, and movement disorders. Marijuana is also a powerful appetite stimulant, specifically for patients suffering from HIV, the AIDS wasting syndrome, or dementia (Marijuana). What are the acute effects of marijuana? Marijuana ca n reach the brain through the bloodstream in less than 30 seconds of smoking a joint. It delivers a physical and psychological effect rather quickly. The peak of the effects is usually reached by the time smoking is finished. If a person wants these effects to last longer they would have to consume the marijuana orally from brownies for example. This would allow the marijuana to be absorbed into the system much longer and these effects would last over 2-3 hours. It only takes a single use of marijuana to impair a person’s motor coordination. The person who just used marijuana may think that they are just fine, but they are really clumsy. This kind of thinking from a person under the influence only spells disaster waiting to happen. A person under the influence of marijuana and their ability to follow a moving stimulus is greatly diminished and can last up to 4-8 hours beyond the point of intoxication. This would interfere with their driving skills. Also their ability to perceive light will be significantly impaired and would be a major risk for someone operating heavy machinery. Marijuana has some serious physical effects on a person. Although legalization activists and many marijuana users believe smoking pot has no negative effects, scientific research indicates that marijuana use can cause many different health problems (The health effects of marijuana, n. . ) . Smoking a single joint of marijuana is the equivalent of smoking 15 cigarettes. Marijuana has at least 50% more tar and carcinogenic materials than cigarettes. Because marijuana is not filtered it enters the lungs at a temperature hotter than cigarette smoke and thus drying and irritating the tissues in the lung. Marijuana has been shown to increase the heart rate. Within a few minutes after smoking marijuana, the heart begins beating more rapidly and the blood pressure drops. Marijuana can cause the heart beat to increase by 20 to 50 beats per minute, and can increase even more if other drugs are used at the same time (The health effects of marijuana, n. d. ) It is because of the lower blood pressure and higher heart rate that the researchers have found that a person smoking marijuana has a 4 times greater risk of heart attack compared to them not smoking marijuana. If a person is aware that they have heart disease they should avoid the use of marijuana. Marijuana can hurt the immune system of a person’s lungs. Smoking marijuana can paralyze or destroy the anti-infection white blood cells of the lungs. It is because of this that most smokers will develop laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, cough, hoarseness, and dry throat. Research indicates that THC impairs the body’s immune system from fighting disease, which can cause a wide variety of health problems. One study found that marijuana actually inhibited the disease-preventing actions of key immune cell (The health effects of marijuana, n. d. ) . There have been recent studies that show marijuana can depress T cells. The depressing of T-lymphocyte functions known as â€Å"killer T cells† would make a person more susceptible to the AIDS infection. The greatest concern is the fact that marijuana is a drug. Some of the most profound effects occur in the brain. Marijuana produces a sense of euphoria, but it also produces anxiety, confusion and if used heavily-drug induced psychosis. Not to mention the effects on reflexes, vision, and motor coordination. Marijuana has effects on long-term memory, because studies suggest that marijuana will fill a synaptic gap between brain cells which stops the flow of electrical signals. Marijuana users experience burn-out or amotivational syndrome from regular use. They have a lack of concern for the future, loss of motivation, loss of ambition, loss of effectiveness, dullness, diminished ability to carry out long term planning, difficulty in concentration, intermittent confusion, impaired memory, and a decline in work and school performance. There are treatments for marijuana disorders. Marijuana dependence may appear to be very similar to other substance dependence disorders, but the long term clinical outcomes may be less severe. The adults who are seeking treatment for marijuana abuse or dependence have used marijuana nearly every day for more than 10 years and have attempted to quit more than six times (â€Å"Marijuana abuse,†). Let it be noted that marijuana dependence is most prevalent in patients that are suffering from other psychiatric disorders, who are mostly adolescents or young adults. Usually dependence in marijuana co-occurs with other drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. Studies indicate that effectively treating the mental health disorder with standard treatments involving medications and behavioral therapies may help reduce annabis use, particularly among heavy users and those with more chronic mental disorders. Behavioral treatments, such as motivational enhancement therapy (MET), group or individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and contingency management (CM), as well as family-based treatments, have shown promise (â€Å"Marijuana abuse,†). Success rates of those seeking t reatment are modest and even the most effective treatment for adults will only achieve 50% abstinence in a 2 week period. Those that do achieve a full two week abstinence, more than half will resume use within a year. Across studies, 1 year abstinence rates have ranged between q0 and 30 percent for the various behavioral approaches (â€Å"Marijuana abuse,†). This data suggest that a more chronic care model should be considered for marijuana addiction. The intensity of the treatment can be stepped up or down based on the patients need. The availability of family and other supports are needed. There are currently no medications to treat the abuse of marijuana, but there is ongoing research being conducted. The studies are mostly targeting the withdrawal syndrome of marijuana. For example, a recent human laboratory study showed that a combination of a cannabin agonist medication with loffexidine ( a medication approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of opioid withdrawal) produced more robust improvements in sleep and decreased marijuana withdrawal, craving, and relapse in daily marijuana smokers relative to either medication alone(â€Å"Marijuana abuse,†). There have been recent discoveries about endogenous cannabin systems inner workings. It raises the possibility of a future medication that would be able to block THC’s intoxicating effects. This would prevent patients from relapsing by eliminating marijuana’s appeal. References Abbott, A. (2010). Alcohol tobacco and other drugs (2nd ed. ). Washington, DC: NASW Press. Colorado and washington legalized marijuana today, what happens now? (2012, November). Retrieved from http://blog. norml. org/2012/11/08/colorado-and-washington-legalized-marijuana-tuesday-what-happens-now/ Demographics of marijuana users. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. opposingviews. com/i/gov-t-stats-reveal-demographics-of-adult-marijuana-users Drug facts: marijuana. (n. d. ). Retrieved from How to cite Cannabis and Marijuana Plants, Papers

The Dehumanization of Workers free essay sample

â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† forces readers to consider the numbing effects of capitalism upon a worker’s mind. Although American capitalism, democracy, and individualism are often seen to be mutually reinforcing the economic, political, and philosophical pillars of American society, Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† suggests that capitalism can dehumanize workers and that its stability relies upon the illusion that it is an inevitable, inhuman system. Bartleby, the Scrivener† implies that this system of social and economic relations is ironically threatened by human desire, choice, and preference, the very attributes that seems to shape our individual identities. As such, the primary guardian of capitalist values, in the novella, is the narrator who represses human desire, choice, and preference to ensure the smooth operation of his law office. In Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† he argues that work in a capitalist society dehumanizes its employees because the upper class regards them as working tools instead of as people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dehumanization of Workers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One way Melville shows the dehumanization of workers is through the lawyer’s introduction of his three initial employees. In this introduction, the lawyer describes how he sees his workers, which mainly consists of how useful they are to him at certain times. For example, he explains how one of his scriveners, named Turkey, [was] a most valuable person to [him]† in the morning, â€Å"accomplishing a great deal of work in a style not easy to be matched† (Melville 8). In the afternoons, however, he considered Turkey to be quite impudent because he was not as productive with his work. In fact, the lawyer even suggested that â€Å"[Turkey] need not come to [his] chambers after twelve o clock, but best go home to his lodgings and rest himself till tea time (Melville 8). Similarly, the lawyer describes Nippers (one of the other scriveners who work for him) as suffering from the evils of ambition and indigestion and as a person who â€Å"knew not what he wanted† (Melville 10). This description of his workers dehumanizes them because the lawyer does not want to acknowledge the desires or wants of his employees. They are simply being referred to by how well they work for him, based on their usefulness and productivity. The lawyer is representative of how employers in a capitalist society see their workers as merely working devices. Secondly, the lawyer dehumanizes his workers, simply by the way he addresses them, that is, by using nicknames rather than their actual names. Their nicknames are Turkey, Nippers, and Ginger Nut. A turkey is a kind of animal, while Nippers refers to a tool used to squeeze something. Ginger Nut, the office boy’s nickname, is a type of cake that the other workers often eat and the lawyer describes one of Ginger Nut’s duties as the â€Å"cake and apple purveyor for Turkey and Nippers† (Melville 14). Being described by their use(s) in the office is like stating that these workers have no other qualities/traits or purpose, except to work for the lawyer. Once again, Melville emphasizes the dehumanizing aspect of the capitalist system. According to Marx, capitalists are only able to make profits through the exploitation of their workers. Profits are made by the workers producing more, for their boss/capitalist, than they are actually worth and paid for in wages. Melville argues that the capitalists exploit their workers for cheap labor. For example, the lawyer describes the work of the scriveners, as â€Å"a dull, wearisome, and lethargic affair,† (Melville 16) and â€Å"to some sanguine temperaments, it would be altogether intolerable† (16). This demonstrates that even the employer thinks that his employees’ work is insufferable. Similarly, the lawyer’s office building is located on the second floor but only offers a view of some walls. The lawyer himself admits that â€Å"this view might have been considered tame than otherwise, deficient in what landscape painters call â€Å"life†Ã¢â‚¬  (Melville 6). These walls allow no view of the outside world and act as a reminder to the workers of where they belong: behind the walls and hard at work. Despite being aware of these issues, the lawyer does nothing to try to improve his employees’ work, nor does he ask them to share their opinions or concerns regarding their working conditions. They are forced to do work without any regard to their feelings or views. This exploitation is further evidenced by how the lawyer expects his workers to drop whatever they are doing when he needs them and to be at his beck and call. The workers do not have the freedom to express their desires or opinions regarding their work, but rather must simply obey their employer’s orders. For example, when the lawyer wants to finish up a â€Å"small affair,† he extends out his copy for Bartleby to read with a â€Å"natural expectancy of instant compliance† (Melville 17). Bartleby refuses to perform the task, by saying â€Å"I would prefer not to† (17). The lawyer is simply shocked to hear this. In fact, he believes that â€Å"[his] ears have deceived [him], or [that] Bartleby had entirely misunderstood [his] meaning† (17). This shows that the â€Å"expectancy of instant compliance† is instilled within he capitalists/upper class and that there is no room for workers who refuse to cooperate with the capitalists system of production, because a refusal to cooperate involves voicing one’s opinion. However, machines and tools do not prefer or want anything; they simply act predictably in accordance with mechanistic laws. Only human beings have free will, preference, and the knowledge that they have freedom of thought and expression. The lawyer’s surprise at Bartleby’s refusal to perform his duties indicates that workers are simply viewed as instruments of labor and production that are considered to have no choice or sense of opinion. In conclusion, the capitalists system greatly dehumanizes its workers. They are exploited by the capitalists for cheap labor, which is used to fuel their profits. Workers are seen as machines, who must abide to the capitalist system of production, regardless of their working conditions or work tasks. Any refusal to obey these norms of production is looked upon unfavorably and can even lead to the dismissal of the worker from his/her workplace.